Pronoun (Kata Ganti)

Adventsen Panjaitan

 


A. What is Pronoun?

Pronouns are words that are used in place of nouns to avoid repetition and to refer to people, places, things, or ideas. They help make sentences less repetitive and more concise. Pronouns can function as subjects, objects, possessives, or reflexives within a sentence.

B. Function of Pronoun

One of the functions of pronouns is to avoid repeating the same word many times in a sentence or paragraph.

Pay attention to the sentences below:

  • Jon lost Jon's book when Jon was going to the school.
    Jon kehilangan buku Jon ketika Jon sedang pergi ke sekolah
  • Rani lost Rani's bag when Rani was going to Rani's home.
    Rani kehilangan tas milik Rani ketika Rani sedang pulang ke rumah Rani.

Therefore, to avoid repetition, use pronouns like the following:

  • Jon lost his book when he was going to the school.
    Jon kehilangan bukunya ketika dia sedang pergi ke sekolah.
  • Rani lost her bag when she was going to her home.
    Rani kehilangan tasnya ketika dia pulang kerumahnya.

C. Types of Pronouns

In English grammar, the types of pronouns can be divided into several groups:

  1. Personal Pronoun

    Personal pronouns are pronouns that are used to replace the person who is speaking, the person being spoken to, and the person being talked about.
    Personal pronouns are divided into 3 (three) categories, namely:

    1. First Person (orang pertama) is the person speaking, either singular or plural.
      Example:
      I = saya (first person singular).
      We = kami, kita (first person plural).
    2. Second Person (orang kedua) is the person being spoken to, either singular or plural.
      Example:
      You = kamu (second person singular).
      You = kalian (second person plural).
    3. Third Person (orang ketiga) is the person being talked about either singular or plural.
      Example:
      He, she, it = dia laki-laki, dia perempuan, dia selain orang (third person singular).
      They = mereka (third person plural).

    Meanwhile, if viewed from the aspect of its position in a sentence, personal pronouns (kata ganti orang) are divided into 2 (two) groups, namely:

    1. Nominative Case (Kasus Subyektif).

      The nominative case is a case where the pronoun functions or has a position as the subject in a sentence. Included in this nominative case are as follows:

      I(saya)First person singular
      You(kamu)Second person singular
      He(dia laki-laki)Third person singular
      She(dia perempuan)Third person singular
      It(dia selain orang)Third person singular
      We(kami, kita)Third person plurar
      You(kalian)Second person plurar
      They(mereka)Third person plurar
      Notes:
      1. It (dia) is used to replace other than people
        Example: objects, plants, animals and the like.
      2. The first person singular is the person speaking (only one).
        The first person plural is the person speaking (more than one person).
      3. The second person singular is the person being spoken to (only one).
        The second person plural is the person being spoken to (more than one person)
      4. The third person singular is the person being talked about (only one person).
        The third person plural is the person being talked about (more than one person).

      When viewed in terms of its position in a sentence, this nominative case must come before the verb, either a to verb or an ordinary verb, for example:

      1. Before the verb to be, Example:
        1. I am a lawyer.
          Saya seorang pengacara.
        2. You are a judge.
          Kamu seorang hakim.
        3. You are teachers.
          Kalian adalah para guru.
        4. He is a soldier.
          Dia seorang prajurit.
        5. She is a nurse.
          Dia seorang perawat.
        6. It (a bird) flies.
          Dia (seekor burung) terbang.
        7. We are students.
          Kami adalah para siswa.
        8. You are teachers.
          Kalian adalah para guru.
        9. They are armies.
          Mereka adalah para tentara.
      2. Before a regular verb, Example:
        1. I go to school.
          Saya pergi ke sekolah.
        2. You study English.
          Kamu belajar bahasa Inggris.
        3. He gives me a slice of cake.
          Dia memberiku sepotong kecil kue.
        4. She sings.
          Dia bernyanyi.
        5. It (a bird) twitters.
          Dia (seekor burung) berkicau.
        6. We stand here.
          Kami berdiri di sini.
        7. You look happy.
          Kalian kelihatan bahagia.
        8. They talk to me.
          Mereka berbicara dengan saya.
    2. Objective Case (Kasus Objektif).

      The objective case is a personal pronoun that functions as an object in a sentence. Included in the objective case are:

      Me(saya)First person singular
      You(kamu)Second person singular
      Him(dia laki-laki)Third person singular
      Her(dia perempuan)Third person singular
      It(dia selain orang)Third person singular
      Us(kami, kita)Third person plurar
      You(kalian)Second person plurar
      Them(mereka)Third person plurar

      The objective case must come after the verb (kata kerja) or after the preposition (kata depan), for example:

      1. After Verb (Kata Kerja):
        1. He gives me a book.
          Dia memberikan saya sebuah buku.
        2. She loves you.
          Dia mencintaimu.
        3. I saw him yesterday.
          Saya bertemu dia kemarin.
        4. I help her.
          Saya membantu dia.
        5. They will help you.
          Mereka akan membantumu.
        6. I bought it (a bird) yesterday.
          Saya membelinya (seekor burung) kemarin.
        7. She buys you three pencils.
          Dia membelikan kalian tiga buah pensil.
        8. I call them now.
          Saya memanggil mereka sekarang.
      2. After Preposition (Kata Depan):
        1. He is talking to me.
          Dia sedang berbicara dengan saya.
        2. I cannot live without you.
          Saya tidak bisa hidup tanpa kamu.
        3. I do not listen to him.
          Saya tidak mendengarkan dia.
        4. My father is reading the book near her.
          Bapak saya sedang membaca buku di dekatnya.
        5. I am looking at it (a bird).
          Saya sedang melihatnya (seekor burung).
        6. I speak to you.
          Saya berbicara kepada kalian.
        7. They go with us.
          Mereka pergi dengan kami.
        8. The books are for them.
          Buku-buku itu untuk mereka.
        Notes:
        1. There are several prepositions in English that are used for the objective case, for example:
          of(dari, akan, karena, di antara, untuk)
          for(untuk bagi, selama, atas, karena)
          by(oleh, dengan, per, dekat)
          with(dengan, bersama, serta, pada)
          to(kepada, dengan, terhadap, untuk)
          in(di, dalam, pada, di dalam, menurut, di antara)
          between(antara, di antara)
          Some examples below:
          • I think of you
            Saya memikirkanmu.
          • He dreamed of his girlfriend.
            Dia memimpikan pacarnya.
        2. After the word "let" must use the objective case form,
          for example:
          • Let us go! (Let's go)
            Mari kita pergi!
          • Let it free!
            Biarkan dia pergi!
          • Let me go!
            Biarkan aku pergi!
          • Let them go!
            Biarkan mereka pergi!
  2. Possessive Pronoun (Kata Ganti Kepunyaan)

    Possessive pronouns are pronouns that are used to show belonging or ownership.
    There are several forms of possessive pronouns, namely:

    Mine(milikku)
    Yours(milikmu)
    His(miliknya laki-laki)
    Hers(miliknya perempuan)
    Ours(milik kami/kita)
    Yours(milik kalian)
    Theirs(milik mereka)

    Here are some examples of its use in sentences:

    1. This book is mine.
      Buku ini milik saya.
    2. That bag is yours.
      Tas itu milik kamu.
    3. That pen is his.
      Pena itu miliknya.
    4. This house is ours.
      Rumah ini milik kami.
  3. Reflexive Pronoun (Kata Ganti Refleksif)

    Reflexive pronouns are personal pronouns that are used to show that people (or animals) do something to themselves.

    Included in the reflexive pronoun are as follows:

    Myself(saya sendiri)
    Yourself(kamu sendiri)
    Himself(dia sendiri laki-laki)
    Herself(dia sendiri perempuan)
    Itself(dia sendiri selain orang)
    Ourselves(kami/kita sendiri)
    Yourselves(kalian sendiri)
    Themselves(mereka sendiri)

    This reflexive pronoun has 3 (three) uses, namely:

    1. To make the pronoun more assertive
      1. I myself saw the dog.
        Saya sendiri yang melihat anjing itu.
      2. You yourself bought the pane.
        Kamu sendiri yang sembeli kaca jendela itu.
      3. He himself saw the accident.
        Dia sendiri yang melihat kecelakaan itu.
    2. To show that the person (or animal) is doing something to itself, for example:
      1. I shall defend myself.
        Saya akam membela diriku sendiri.
      2. You must protect yourself.
        Kamu harus melindungi dirimu sendiri.
      3. He hit himself last night.
        Dia memukul dirinya sendiri tadi malam.
    3. If the word "-self" is preceded by the preposition "-by", it has the meaning alone, for example:
      1. I do it by myself.
        Saya mengerjakannya sendirian.
      2. You do the homework by yourself.
        Kamu mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah sendirian.
      3. He wrote the letter by himself.
        Dia menulis surat itu sendirian.
  4. Intensive Pronoun (Kata Ganti Intensif)

    Intensive pronouns, also known as emphatic pronouns, are pronouns that function to provide affirmation or emphasis on the subject's statement so that it becomes firm and strong.

    Intensive pronouns have the same form of words as reflexive pronouns. Here are some examples of its use in sentences:

    • I myself helped you yesterday.
      Saya sendiri yang membantu kamu kemarin.
    • You yourself must go to his house.
      Kamu sendiri yang harus pergi ke rumahnya.
    • He himself accompanied me to the party.
      Dia sendiri yang menemani saya ke pesta itu.
    • We ourselves saw him in the park yesterday.
      Kami sendiri yang melihat dia di taman kemarin.
  5. Demonstrative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Penunjuk)

    Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns used to indicate the object, animal or person in question. Included in the demonstrative pronoun are as follows:

    1. This (ini) is used to show objects, people or animals in the singular that are close.
      Some examples of its use in sentences:

      • This is his pen.
        Ini pena dia.
      • This is his pen.
        Ini pena dia.

    2. These (ini) is used to show objects, people or animals in the plural that are close.
      Some examples of its use in sentences:

      • These are my pencils.
        Ini pensil-pensil miliku.
      • These are my friends.
        Ini teman-teman saya.

    3. That (itu) is used to show objects, people or animals in the singular that are far away.
      Some examples of its use in sentences:

      • That is my bag.
        Itu tas saya.
      • That is her sister.
        Itu saudara perempuannya.

    4. Those (itu) are used to show things, people or animals in the plural that are far away.
      Some examples of its use:

      • Those are your bags.
        Ini tas-tas milik kamu.
      • Those are their houses.
        Itu rumah-rumah milik mereka.
  6. Indefinite Pronoun (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu)

    Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not have a specific antecedent (word or part of the sentence that precedes the pronoun).

    Kata-kata yang termasuk sebagai indefinite pronouns,misalnya:

    all(semua)
    any(yang mana saja, sesuatu)
    anyone(siapa saja)
    everyone(setiap orang)
    no one (none)(tak satu pun, tak seorang pun)
    something(sesuatu)

    Some examples of its use in sentences:

    • Anyone is able to do it.
      Siapa pun dapat melakukannya.
    • Anybody who wishes may come to the meeting.
      Siapa saja yang ingin boleh datang ke rapat itu.
    • Everybody likes me.
      Semua orang menyukai saya.
    • Something is better than nothing.
      Sesuatu (yang ada) lebih baik daripada tidak ada sesuatu pun.
  7. Interrogative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Penanya)

    Interrogative pronouns are pronouns that are used to ask a question.

    Which is included in the form of this interrogative pronoun, namely:

    1. Who (siapa) is used to ask someone who is the subject of a sentence, for example:
      • Who is he?
        Siapakah dia?
      • Who invites you to the party?
        Siapakah yang mengundang kamu ke pesta itu?
      • Who came to your house last night?
        Siapakah yang datang ke rumahmu tadi malam?
      • Who will accompany yourmother to Mataram tomorrow?
        Siapa yang akan menemani ibumu ke Mataram besok?
    2. Whom (siapa) is used to ask someone who is the object in a sentence, for example:
      • For whom does he make the shirt?
        Untuk siapa dia buat baju itu?
      • With whom will she go to Jakarta tomorrow?
        Dengan siapa dia akan pergi ke Jakarta besok?
      • For whom do you give this present?
        Untuk siapa kamu memberikan hadiah ini?
      • With whom may we atay here?
        Dengan siapa kami boleh tinggal di sini?
    3. Whose (milik siapa) is used to ask for belonging, for example:
      • Whose is this?
        Milik siapa ini?
      • Whose is that book?
        Milik siapa tas itu?
      • Whose are these?
        Milik siapa ini?
      • Whose are those bags?
        Milik siapa tas-tas itu?
    4. What (apa) is used to ask for the name of a person, thing, job/position, for example:
      • What is your name?
        Siapa namamu?
      • What is his name?
        Siapa namanya?
      • What is your father's name?
        Siapa nama bapakmu?
      • What is this?
        Apakah ini?
    5. Which is used to ask for choices, for example:
      • Which is your book?
        Yang manakah bukumu?
      • Which are their cars?
        Yang manakah mobil-mobil mereka?
      • Which do you prefer, the mangosteen or pineapple?
        Yang manakah lebih kamu sukai, manggis atau nanas?
      • Which is the cheapest car of yours?
        Yang mana mobil yang paling murah milikmu?
    6. Where (tempat) is used to indicate a place, for example:
      • Abel lives in Selagik, where Adamson was born
        Abel bertempat tinggal di Selagik tempat Adamson dilahirkan.
      • Stay which you are.
        Berhenti di tempatmu.
      • Janira moved over to which her mother was spending the night.
        Janira datang ke tempat ibunya menginap.
    7. When is used to ask about the time, for example:
      • Since When Have Aldrich been a policeman?
        Since when did Aldrich become a policeman?

    What needs to be considered in the use of interrogative pronouns is that they cannot be combined directly with a noun, because if they are combined with a noun then it turns into an interrogative adjective, for example:

    • Whose is this?(Interrogative Pronouns)
      Milik siapa ini?
    • Whose bag is this?(Interrogative Adjective)
      Tas milik siapa ini?
    So, the formula for interrogative pronouns is:
    Interrogative Pronoun + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb + Adverb
  8. Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Penghubung)

    Relative pronouns may also be called conjunctive pronouns, because relative pronouns not only point to a noun that precedes, but also connect two sentences into a sentence.

    Two sentences are combined into a sentence, using which, if the subject of the first sentence and the subject of the second sentence consist of the same person or thing. Or even simpler, it can be defined that relative pronouns are pronouns used to combine two sentences into one by removing the same parts, for example:

    • The girl is my friend.
    • She comes from Mataram.

    Kedua kalimat itu jika digabungkan menjadi:
    The girl who comes from Mataram is my friend

    Relative pronouns consist of:

    1. Who (yang) is used to describe people, for example:
      • The boy who always palys here is very handsome.
        Anak laki-laki yang selalu bermain di sini itu sangat tampan.
      • The women who were here last night have gone to Jakarta.
        wanita yang berada di sini tadi malam telah pergi ke Jakarta.
      • The man who came last night is my uncle.
        Pria yang yang datang tadi malam adalah paman saya.
    2. Whom (yang) is used to describe people as objects, for example:
      • The boy whom you met yesterday is my brother.
        Anak laki-laki yang kamu temui kemarin adalah saudaraku.
      • Benard knows the girl whom you invited last night.
        Benard mengenal gadis yang kamu undang tadi malam.
      • That is the man whom I saw yesterday.
        Itulah pria yang saya lihat kemarin.
      • I finally met the girl whom everyone was talking about.
        Saya akhirnya bertemu dengan gadis yang sering dibicarakan orang-orang.
    3. Whose (yang...nya) is used to express belonging, for example:
      • The man whose wife is very beautiful is my friend.
        Pria yang istrinya cantik sekali adalah teman saya.
      • That is the woman whose sister stays in Lombok.
        Itulah perempuan yang saudara perempuannya tinggal di Lombok.
      • Sheis the writer whose book my father is reading.
        Dialah pengarang yang bukunya sedang bapak saya baca.
      • Leordy whose mother will be our teacher today is coming to the school.
        Leordy yang ibunya akan menjadi guru kita hari ini akan datang ke sekolah.
    4. Which (yang) is used to describe objects, animals, plants, and so on, for example:
      • The book which we read will give a worthy knowledge for us.
        Buku yang kita baca akan memberikan pengetahuan yang berguna untuk kita.
      • He has read the book which you just mentioned.
        Dia telah membaca buku yang baru saja kamu sebutkan.
      • That is the fish which Rafael fished yesterday.
        Itulah ikan yang Rafael pancing kemarin.
      • The flower which I bought yesterday is an anggrek.
        Bunga yang saya beli adalah anggrek.
    5. What (yang, apa yang) is used to describe a single object, but does not specify the type of object, for example:
      • Imelda understands what you mean.
        Imelda mengerti apa yang kamu maksudkan.
      • That is what I want.
        Itulah yang saya inginkan.
      • My father cannot tell you now what happened.
        Bapak saya tidak dapat menceritakan kamu sekarang apa yang terjadi.
      • He will give you what need.
        Akan ia berikan kamu apa yang kamu butuhkan.
    6. That (yang) is used to describe people, animals or things. The word "that" is often used for "who", "whom" or "which", for example:
      • The boy that (=who)palys there is my friend.
        Anak laki-laki yang bermain di sana itu teman saya.
      • The woman that (=whom)I was looking for has come.
        Wanita yang sedang saya cari telah datang.
      • This is the cat that (=which) came last night.
        Inilah kucing yang datang ke sini tadi malam.
      • That is the bag that (=which) I bought yesterday.
        Itulah tas yang saya beli kemarin.
  9. Reciprocal Pronoun (Kata Ganti Resiprokatif)

    Reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that shows the meaning of reciprocity or mutual. In this case, there are two uses of this reciprocal pronoun:

    Jika benda atau orang yang dimaksud berjumlah dua saja, kita menggunakan each other, sedangkan jika dimaksud lebih dari dua, kita menggunakan one another.

    Example 1:

    • Ozi and Arni are brother and sister. They help each other in everything.
      Ozi dan Arni bersaudara. Mereka selalu saling membantu dalam segala hal.
    • SMPN 1 Narmada students are going to camp. They must help one anotherthere.
      Para siswa SMPN 1 Narmada akan kemping. Mereka harus salingmembantu di sana.

    Example 2:

    • They gave each othergifts.
      Mereka saling member hadiah.
    • Love one another.
      Cintailah satusama lain.

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